长白山阔叶红松林CO2廓线和CO2贮存的动态

从1999年8至10月,2000年的4至6月,2002年8月至2003年9月,在平均树高为26米的长白山阔叶红松林内,用红外气体分析仪(2250D,LI-CORInc.和LI-COR,820)测定了不同高度的二氧化碳浓度。根据测定的数据,分析了阔叶红松林二氧化碳廓线的日变化和季节变化动态。结果表明:CO2浓度的垂直分布在白天和夜间是不同的,在接近地面处CO2浓度始终最大。从季节CO2廓线看出,在植物生长季节林冠处CO2浓度有明显的成层现象,不同高度(60~2.5m)的CO2浓度3月份变化较小差值为10mmol穖ol-1,而在7月份变化较大,差值为60mmol穖ol-1。7月份林冠处(22,26,32m)CO2浓度梯度较大,浓度差为8mmol穖ol-1。计算位于涡度相关仪器之下的40米高空气柱中CO2贮存状况表明,年际贮存是负值,但对NEE的贡献很小。图4参11。     

不同管理措施对杏园昆虫群落结构的影响

为全面了解杏树林害虫的危害与发生规律,为综合防治提供依据,应用生物多样性指数分析了英吉沙县不同管理措施杏园生态系统中昆虫群落结构特征.结果表明:在3种类型的杏园中有昆虫37种,分别隶属于9目26科;不同杏园昆虫群落的科数、物种数及丰富度均有不同程度的变化;不同生境集中性指数也有一定的差异;各园的优势种主要以剌吸式口器的朝鲜球坚蚧为主;不同杏园昆虫群落及各类群生态优势集中性在不同时段并不一致.     

樟树林生态系统中多环芳烃含量和分布特征

利用气相色谱仪 (GC)对樟树林生态系统中植物体各器官和林地土壤的多环芳烃 (PAHs)进行定性和定量测定。结果表明 :乔木层樟树各器官中树皮的PAHs含量最高 ,为 86 4 1μg·kg- 1 ;树干最低 ,为 2 84 3μg·kg- 1 ;其他依次为籽实 (75 2 0 μg·kg- 1 ) >树根 (7115 μg·kg- 1 ) >树枝 (5 35 2 μg·kg- 1 ) >树叶 (4 4 81μg·kg- 1 )。樟树林生态系统中PAHs含量空间分布为 :枯枝落叶层 (92 35 μg·kg- 1 ) >乔木层 (5 995 μg·kg- 1 ) >草本层 (36 31μg·kg- 1 ) >土壤层(14 6 6 μg·kg- 1 ) >灌木层 (2 4 5 μg·kg- 1 )。与无林地土壤的PAHs含量 (3470 μg·kg- 1 )相比 ,樟树林土壤的PAHs含量低 5 0 %以上。同时 ,随大气降水进入樟树林的PAHs,经过林木的吸附和降解后 ,林内降水和地表径流的PAHs种类和含量明显减少 ,说明樟树林生态系统对PAHs具有吸附和降解作用。     

Detection of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri from field samples using single‐tube nested PCR

A single‐tube nested PCR was developed for detection of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), the causal agent of citrus canker disease. The assay targets the pthA gene of Xcc and utilizes different annealing temperatures for the two primer pairs. It reliably detected as few as 1·0 × 10² Xcc cells, and was unaffected by the presence of PCR inhibitors. It was 10‐fold and 8500‐fold more sensitive than standard PCR and ELISA, respectively. Increased sensitivity was also achieved via the use of a washing method for DNA extraction, as opposed to direct extraction from leaf tissue. When evaluated for Xcc detection in 90 samples collected from affected pomelo orchards, the single‐tube nested PCR was superior to standard PCR, detecting the pathogen in 67 vs. 54 samples. It was also able to detect Xcc from samples with and without symptoms. This assay can be used as a rapid and sensitive technique for routine Xcc detection in field samples for surveillance of citrus canker.     

Effects of diazinon on biochemical parameters of blood in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Existence of diazinon, an organophosphorous pesticide, in river waters of Iran near rice paddy fields has been reported by some authors. The present research aimed to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of diazinon on some biochemical parameters of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss after 7, 14 and 28 days. No significant differences were observed in the plasma levels of creatinine among the treatment groups at different sampling intervals. Acetylcholinesterase activity and the levels of total protein, albumin as well as globulin in plasma were significantly reduced at both concentrations tested (p < 0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase activity was only decreased on 7th day in 0.1 mg/L diazinon treatment (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase activity was significantly lower in 0.1 mg/L diazinon group at 14th and 28th sampling periods, whereas its activity significantly increased in fishes exposed to 0.2 mf/L diazinon only on 7th day (p < 0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activities and glucose levels in diazinon treated groups were significantly higher than the controlled group at experimental periods (p < 0.05). In conclusion, long-term exposure to diazinon at sub-lethal concentrations induced biochemical alterations in rainbow trout, and offers a simply tool to evaluate toxicity-derived alterations.     

Seasonal variations of immune parameters in the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus cultured in pond

In order to understand the effects of seasonal change on the immunity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus cultured in pond, A. japonicus with body weight of 12.2 ± 4.5 g (sample A) and 32.6 ± 7.1 g (sample B), respectively, were collected monthly and randomly from a typical pond during a year cycle and employed for the evaluation of immunocompetence. Simultaneously, the environmental factors in the pond including water temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured using a handheld multiparameter meter. The activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lysozyme (LYZ), phenoloxidase (PO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the coelomic fluid were selected for the evaluation of A. japonicus immunocompetence and determined using biochemical methods. The results showed that in both samples, the activities of all determined enzymes had small values in winter and early spring, and LYZ, CAT and MPO activities also presented small values in summer, suggesting that pond‐cultured A. japonicus underwent immunosuppression twice during a year cycle, and the immunosuppression occurred in winter and early spring was more severe than that occurred in summer. In addition, most of the determined enzymes showed different variations between the two samples, and had significantly negative correlation with protein concentration, which was significantly and negatively correlated with water temperature, revealing that body weight and water temperature might have crucial effects on the immunity of A. japonicus cultured in pond.     

四种水产药物对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在溶氧(7.0±0.3)mg/L,水温(18±1)℃,pH 7.8±0.1条件下,采用国家标准半静态方式水生生物急性毒性实验法研究了高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤(Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus Wu et Wu)幼鱼的急性毒性试验。试验结果显示,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的24 h半致死浓度(24 h LC50)分别为4.57、2.74、8.00和54.69 mg/L,48 h半致死浓度(48 h LC50)分别为4.13、2.35、7.34和47.03 mg/L;96 h半致死浓度(96 h LC50)分别为3.37、1.92、4.76和40.44 mg/L;其安全浓度分别为1.01、0.52、1.85和10.43 mg/L。根据国家标准和本实验数据表明,甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼微毒,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂和敌百虫对其中毒。     

不同铝水平胁迫对橡胶树幼苗若干生理指标的影响

研究不同铝水平胁迫(0、50、100、200、400 mmol/L)对橡胶树幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素含量、叶片相对电导率及幼苗地上部与地下部铝含量变化的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫均使橡胶树幼苗生理指标产生一定的变化。在200 mmol/L和400 mmol/L铝水平下橡胶苗叶片POD活性和SOD活性先上升后下降至胁迫前甚至为0;MDA含量则大量增加,而且越来越高;叶绿素总量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b随胁迫时间的推移呈下降趋势,且铝浓度越大下降趋势越明显;相对电导率随胁迫时间的推移均呈现上升趋势,介于60%~100%之间,超过细胞质膜死亡的阈值;橡胶苗地下部铝含量分别约为地上部铝含量的3倍、2倍、1.3倍。不同铝水平胁迫处理中,随着铝浓度越高、胁迫时间越长对橡胶树幼苗生理指标的影响越大。其中在200 mmol/L铝水平下叶片相对电导率大于50%,达到叶片细胞膜透性阈值,MDA则大量增加,SOD和POD急速上升后下降,叶绿素含量极少。因而认为橡胶树幼苗的最高铝耐受浓度为200 mmol/L,地下部铝含量的耐受量为6.2 mg/g,地上部的耐受量为2.9 mg/g。     

粗糙型布鲁菌M111菌壳的制备

将含有裂解酶基因重组温控裂解质粒pBBR1MCS：：PR-PL-E电转化至粗糙型布鲁菌M111中，构建重组布鲁菌M111（pBBRlMCS：：PR-PL-E）。重组菌株在28℃培养，42℃诱导表达裂解酶E，从而制备布鲁菌菌壳。绘制布鲁菌生长曲线及裂解曲线，计算裂解率并用透射电镜观察布鲁菌菌壳的形态。结果显示，成功制备了布鲁菌菌壳，温控裂解质粒pBBRIMCS：：PR-PL-E对布鲁菌的裂解率为100％。透射电镜观察可见细菌内容物部分流出，细菌表面出现不同程度的皱缩，细胞形态发生变化。结果表明，本试验成功制备了粗糙型布鲁菌菌壳，初步研究了其基本特性，为下-步开展布鲁菌菌壳疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

木麻黄与根系微生物关系研究进展

木麻黄是我国沿海防护林基干林带中的主栽树种，与土壤中的微生物可以形成共生关系，提高自身耐干旱、抗贫瘠、抗盐碱等适应恶劣环境的能力。土壤中的细菌和真菌能够与木麻黄根系形成稳定的相互作用的微生态系统，其中微生物主导的物质代谢循环是植物获取营养的主要来源之一，反之木麻黄的根系分泌物可以为微生物的生长提供养分。文中综述了木麻黄与根系微生物之间相互作用的相关研究，尤其是接种弗兰克氏菌（Frankia）及菌根菌提高木麻黄抗逆性方面的研究进展，对木麻黄与根系微生物体系的促生、抗逆机制进行了探讨和展望。